SurfStat contents

• TYPES OF VARIABLE
  • 1-1-1.html
    • Qualitative Data
    • Quantitative Data
    • Table - Hypothetical Data
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      Exercises

• PRESENTING DISCRETE DATA
  • 1-1-2.html
    • Frequency Distributions
    • Bar charts and Pareto charts
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• PRESENTING CONTINUOUS DATA
  • 1-1-3.html
    • Commodore Data
    • Histograms
      Example - Commodore prices

      In MINITAB the command is

      Java applet "Histogram"

      Dotplots

      Example - The Commodore price data

      Related topics

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• CHARACTERISTICS OF A DISTRIBUTION
  • 1-2-1.html
    • Modality and Symmetry
      An example of positive skewness
      (skew to the right)
      An example of negative skewness
      (skew to the left)
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• MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ("Averages")
  • 1-2-2.html
    • Median
    • Mode
    • Notation
    • Mean
    • The MINITAB command for mean
    • Comparison of Mean and Median
      APPLET "Centres"

      Mean for Grouped Data

      Example - Survey of 20 students in a STAT101 tutorial

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• MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
  • 1-2-3.html
    • Range
    • Quartiles
    • Procedure
    • Interquartile Range
    • Percentiles
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  • 1-2-4.html
    • Standard Deviation and Variance
      Example - Data set A
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  • 1-2-5.html
    • Comments
    • Boxplots
    • The MINITAB command
    • Five-number summary
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• NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
  • 1-3-1.html
    Example - Distribution of blood pressure
    Quincunx
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  • 1-3-2.html
    • Modelling
    • Density Function
    • Note:
    • Relative Frequency
    • Standard Normal Distribution
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  • 1-3-3.html
    Example: z < 1.05
    Example: z > 1.05
    Example: -1.05 <= z <= 1.05
    Exercise
    Example - X ~ N(4, 9), X < 5
    Example - Soft drink bottle filler
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• PRESENTING DATA FOR TWO CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS
  • 1-4-1.html
    • Introduction
    • Scatterplots
      Scatterplot of Income versus Age
      Scatterplot of Income versus Age Classified by Sex
      Example - Heights and weights of 6 female STAT101 students
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  • 1-4-2.html
    • Correlation
    • Positive and Negative Association
    • Linear Versus Nonlinear Association
    • Correlation Coefficient
      Example - Calculation of r for students' heights and weights
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  • 1-4-3.html
    • Properties of the correlation coefficient
    • Interpretation of correlation
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  • 1-4-4.html
    • Regression
      Example - Effects of storage conditions on shelf life

      Java applet "Regression"

      Method of Least Squares

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  • 1-4-5.html
    Notes
    Example - American female runners
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  • 1-5-1.html
    • Simple Methods for Time Series Analysis
      Examples - UK softwood imports

      MINITAB TSPLOT command

      Moving Averages

      MINITAB Macros

      Comments

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• EXPLORING DATA IN TABLES
  • 1-5-2.html
    • Dot Chart
      Example - Newcastle restaurant survey

      Contingency Tables

      Example - Number of deaths in Australia (1989)

      The need to consider group size

      Example - Infant deaths in 1989

      Rules for presentation of tables

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• INTRODUCTION
  • 2-1-1.html
    Example - Public opinion polls
    Bias
    Randomisation
    Example - Teenage driving safety
    Example - Salary versus age
    Cross-Sectional versus Longitudinal Studies

• PRINCIPLES OF STUDY DESIGN
  • 2-1-2.html
    • Overview
    • Design of experiments
    • Randomisation, Replication and Blocking
      Example - Mice in the lab

      Comparison Groups

      Examples of Observational Studies

      Confounding

      Example - Gender and discrimination at UCB

      Questionnaire Design

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  • 2-1-3.html
    • The Scientific Method
    • Principles of Scientific Experimentation
      Example - Salk polio vaccine trial

      Randomised, Controlled, Double-Blinded Trial

      Summary of Study Design

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• INTRODUCTION
  • 3-1-1.html
    • A concept of Probability
      Example - 10 000 coin tosses
      Example - 2 coin tosses

      DEFINITIONS
  • 3-1-2.html
    • Discrete probability distributions
    • Complement
      Example - Reducing companies' discriminatory hiring practices

      Discrete Probability Distribution

      Example - 1 coin toss

      Example - 1 fair die throw

      Example - 3 coin tosses

• INDEPENDENCE AND TREE MODELS FOR CALCULATING PROBABILITIES
  • 3-1-3.html
    Example - Fruit in 2 districts
    Example - 2 security guards and their pagers
    Example - Boys and girls in a family of 3
    Example - Gender in human populations

• CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
  • 3-1-4.html
    Example - A family of 3 children
    Example - Gender of employees
    Independence Revisited

• BAYES' THEOREM
  • 3-1-5.html
    Example - Cervical (or breast) cancer
    Summary For Probability Calculations

• RANDOM VARIABLES
  • 3-2-1.html
    • Probability Distribution of a Discrete r.v.

• DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS
  • 3-2-2.html
    • Discrete Random Variable
      Example - Family of 3 children.
      Example - Bernoulli trials
      Example - 2 dice are thrown
  • 3-2-3.html
    • The Binomial distribution
      Example - A football team plays 3 games
      Example - A quality control inspection system
  • 3-2-4.html
    • The Poisson distribution

• EXPECTED VALUE AND VARIANCE OF A RANDOM VARIABLE
  • 3-2-5.html
    • Example - Decision Analysis in Oil exploration
    • Expected Value of a Random Variable
    • Variance of a Random Variable
      Example - Gender in a class of 5

      Expected Value and Variance for a Function of Random Variables

      Example - Estimated profit prediction

      Example - Metal component manufacturing

• CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
  • 3-2-6.html
    • Relative Frequency Histogram
    • Probability Density Function
      Example - Uniform Continuous Distribution

      Uniform continuous random number generation in MINITAB

• NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
  • 3-2-7.html
    • Standard Normal Distribution
      Example - Within 1 standard deviation of the mean
      Example - Soft drink bottle filler example revisited

• NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
  • 3-2-8.html
    • Shape of the Binomial Distribution
    • The Binomial and the Normal Distributions Compared
    • The MINITAB MPLOT command
    • Continuity Correction and Accuracy
    • Java applet "Discrete"
      Example - Gender in a particular faculty

• POPULATIONS, SAMPLES, ESTIMATES AND REPEATED SAMPLING
  • 4-1-1.html
    • Definitions
    • Bias
      Example - Health survey conducted in the Hunter Region
      Example - Heights of women, 25 - 29

• POINT ESTIMATION AND INTERVAL ESTIMATION
  • 4-1-2.html
    • Sample Mean
    • Confidence Interval

• RESULTS FROM PROBABILITY THEORY
  • 4-1-3.html
    • Law of Averages
    • Law of Large Numbers
    • Central Limit Theorem

• ONE CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
  • 4-1-4.html
    • Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean
      Properties of the Sampling Distribution
  • 4-1-5.html
    • Interpretation of Confidence Intervals
    • Comments
    • Hypothesis Testing
      Example - Bolt production

      The First Approach

      Remarks

      The Second Approach

      Steps for hypothesis testing
  • 4-1-6.html
    • Interpretation of p-values
    • The 5% level
    • Comments
    • Type I and Type II errors, and the power of a statistical test
  • 4-1-7.html
    Example - 300 mL bottles of softdrink
    Comments

• COMPARING MEANS OF TWO CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
  • 4-2-1.html
    • Introduction
      Example - From the MINITAB handbook page 101

      Independent Samples

      Case 1 (t-test)

      Case 2 (Welch's test)

      Example - Boys' shoes

      Remarks
  • 4-2-2.html
    • Paired Samples

• INFERENCE FOR COUNT DATA
  • 4-2-3.html
    • Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion
    • Confidence Intervals and tests for Proportions
      Example - Confidence interval
      Example - Sample size
      Example - Hypothesis Test

      Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Proportions

      Example - City/country market survey
  • 4-2-4.html
    • Hypothesis Testing for Categorical Data
      Example - Test-tube babies in Australia
      Example - 3 out of 21 babies boys
      Example - 50 coin tosses

      Testing more than 2 categories

      Remarks

      P-values

      Example - 60 throw fair die tester

      Comments
  • 4-2-5.html
    • Inference for Contingency Tables
      Example - Vitamin C on colds

      General case:

      Example - An homogeneous group of people

      MINITAB commands for chi-squared analysis

• MORE ON CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
  • 4-2-6.html
    • Use of Correlation and Regression
    • Correlation and Correlation coefficient
      Example - 20 female students in STAT101
      Example - Health expenditure growth in Australia 1994-5

      Analysis of Variance

      Coefficient of Determination

      Example on health expenditure continued
  • 4-2-7.html
    • Statistical Inference for Linear Regression
      Example - Statistical model for predicting delivery time

• SUMMARY
  • 4-2-8.html
    • How To Choose The Appropriate Method For Statistical Inference
    • 1 sample/group - 1 variable - continuous scale
    • 2 samples/groups - 1 variable - continuous scale
    • 1 sample/group - 2 variables - both continuous
    • 1 sample - 1 variable - categorical
    • 2 samples/groups - 1 variable - categorical
    • 1 sample/group - 2 variables - categorical

• STATISTICAL CONTROL CHARTS
  • 5-1-1.html
    • Introduction
    • Fundamental Principles
  • 5-1-2.html
    • Common and Special Causes of Variation
      Walter Shewhart

      W. Edwards Deming

      Common Causes

      Special Causes
  • 5-1-3.html
    • Control Charts For Variables Data
    • Rational Subgroups
      Example - Variation In Percent Solids Test
  • 5-1-4.html
    • Case 1: µ, s known
      Example - Air conditioner thermostats

      Case 2: µ, s not known

      Example (continued) - Variation In Percent Solids
  • 5-1-5.html
    • Constructing a Control Chart
    • Some Comments On Control Charts
  • 5-1-6.html
    • Tests for Special Causes
      A point beyond control limits
      Eight points in a row on one side of the line
      A run of seven sample means steadily increasing or decreasing
      Points hugging the centre line
      Points hugging the control limits
      Cycles
  • 5-1-7.html
    • Individuals Charts
    • Moving Ranges
    • 2s limits
  • 5-1-8.html
    • Summary